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Step-by-Step Guide

Ramps and Access: Complete Installation Guide

Michael Roberts, Access Consultant
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Everything you need to know about wheelchair ramps including Australian Standards, types of ramps, materials, and installation requirements. Complete guide to creating safe, compliant access to your home.

# Ramps and Access: Complete Installation Guide

## Introduction

Everything you need to know about wheelchair ramps including Australian Standards, types of ramps, materials, and installation requirements. Whether you need a temporary solution or permanent installation, this guide covers all aspects of accessible entry design.

## Understanding Australian Standards

### AS 1428.1 - Design for Access and Mobility

This is the primary standard governing ramp design in Australia.

Key Requirements:

Gradient:

  • Maximum 1:14 (1 meter rise per 14 meters length)
  • Steeper gradients acceptable for short distances:

    • - 1:10 for maximum 1900mm length

    - 1:8 for maximum 375mm length

  • Flatter is always better (1:20 ideal)

    • Width:

  • Minimum: 1000mm clear width
  • Recommended: 1200mm
  • Preferred: 1500mm (allows passing)

    • Landings:

  • Required every 9 meters maximum
  • At top and bottom of ramp
  • At any change in direction
  • Minimum size: 1200mm x 1200mm
  • Larger if door swing interferes: 1500mm x 1500mm

    • Handrails:

  • Required both sides if rise over 190mm
  • Height: 865-1000mm (measure from ramp surface)
  • Diameter: 30-50mm (32-38mm ideal for grip)
  • Continuous along full length
  • Extensions 300mm beyond top and bottom
  • Graspable profile (circular or oval)

    • Edge Protection:

  • Required if vertical drop exceeds 150mm
  • Minimum 75mm height
  • Can be upstand, rail, or solid barrier

    • Surface:

  • Slip-resistant (minimum R10 rating)
  • Firm and stable
  • Even surface (no gaps over 5mm)
  • No protruding elements

    • Tactile Indicators:

  • Required at top of ramp
  • 300mm depth warning strip
  • Contrasting color and texture
  • Assists visually impaired users

    • ### National Construction Code (NCC)

    Complements AS 1428.1 with building regulations:

  • Fire egress considerations
  • Structural requirements
  • Weatherproofing standards
  • Certification requirements

    • ## Types of Ramps

    ### Portable Ramps

    Threshold Ramps

  • For small steps (up to 150mm)
  • Lightweight aluminum or rubber
  • No installation required
  • Easily moved or removed
  • Cost: $100-$400
  • Ideal for: Rental properties, temporary needs, doorway thresholds

    • Folding Ramps

  • For medium steps (150-600mm)
  • Fold in half for transport
  • Typically aluminum with textured surface
  • Weight capacity: 300-400kg
  • Cost: $300-$1,200
  • Ideal for: Vehicle access, temporary access, travel

    • Suitcase Ramps

  • Pair of channels
  • Fold like suitcase for storage
  • Lightweight but limited capacity
  • Best for wheelchairs, not scooters
  • Cost: $200-$600
  • Ideal for: Occasional use, narrow wheelchairs

    • Telescoping Ramps

  • Extend to needed length
  • Single or multi-fold design
  • Very portable
  • Various lengths available
  • Cost: $400-$1,500
  • Ideal for: Variable height differences, travel

    • ### Modular Ramp Systems

    Aluminum Modular Systems

  • Pre-fabricated sections
  • Quick installation (1-3 days)
  • No curing time needed
  • Relocatable if you move
  • Weatherproof and low maintenance
  • Cost: $3,000-$12,000 installed
  • Lifespan: 15-20 years

    • Components:

  • Ramp sections: 1m, 1.5m, 2m lengths
  • Landing platforms
  • Handrail systems
  • Adjustable legs for uneven ground
  • Connection hardware

    • Advantages:

  • Fast installation
  • Can be reconfigured
  • Portable (take when moving)
  • No building permit often required
  • NDIS commonly approves
  • Professional appearance

    • Considerations:

  • Higher initial cost than concrete
  • Can be noisy in rain
  • May not suit all architectural styles
  • Rental agreements may require removal

    • Leading Brands:

  • Eziaccess
  • Access Solutions
  • Homecare Ramps Australia
  • Rampit
  • Portable Ramps Australia

    • ### Permanent Ramps

    Concrete Ramps

  • Most durable option
  • Custom design for site
  • Professional installation required
  • Building permit typically required
  • Cost: $5,000-$20,000+
  • Lifespan: 30+ years

    • Design Options:

  • Straight run
  • Switch-back (for limited space)
  • Curved (architectural feature)
  • Integrated with landscaping

    • Surface Finishes:

  • Broom finish (standard, slip-resistant)
  • Exposed aggregate (attractive, slip-resistant)
  • Colored concrete (aesthetic appeal)
  • Stamped patterns (decorative)

    • Advantages:

  • Extremely durable
  • Supports any weight
  • Can be architectural feature
  • Adds permanent property value
  • No ongoing maintenance

    • Considerations:

  • Higher cost
  • Longer installation (1-3 weeks)
  • Permanent fixture
  • Rental properties problematic
  • Curing time before use (7-14 days)

    • Timber Ramps

  • Custom-built on site
  • Natural appearance
  • Moderate cost
  • Cost: $3,000-$10,000
  • Lifespan: 10-15 years with maintenance

    • Material Options:

  • Treated pine (most common, affordable)
  • Hardwood (durable, expensive)
  • Composite decking (low maintenance)
  • Marine-grade plywood surface

    • Advantages:

  • Matches timber homes
  • Can be removed if needed
  • Moderate cost
  • Faster than concrete

    • Considerations:

  • Requires regular maintenance
  • Staining/sealing every 2-3 years
  • Potential for warping or rotting
  • Susceptible to termites
  • Not ideal for all climates

    • ## Planning Your Ramp

    ### Measuring and Calculating

    Step 1: Measure the Rise

  • Vertical distance from ground to door threshold
  • Measure at the point where ramp will be located
  • Account for any ground slope

    • Step 2: Calculate Required Length

  • Formula: Rise × 14 = Minimum length (for 1:14 gradient)
  • Example: 500mm rise × 14 = 7000mm (7m) length
  • Add length for any landings required
  • Add extra 300mm at top and bottom for level sections

    • Step 3: Check Available Space

  • Do you have sufficient straight run?
  • If not, consider switch-back design
  • Allow for handrail clearance (50mm each side)
  • Ensure clear path to driveway/footpath

    • Example Calculations:

    Scenario 1: Single Step

  • Rise: 200mm
  • Calculation: 200mm × 14 = 2,800mm
  • Required length: 2.8m minimum
  • With top/bottom transitions: 3.2m total

    • Scenario 2: Multiple Steps

  • Rise: 600mm (three 200mm steps)
  • Calculation: 600mm × 14 = 8,400mm
  • Required length: 8.4m minimum
  • Over 9m requires landing
  • Final design: 4.5m + landing + 4.5m = 10.5m total

    • ### Site Assessment

    Critical Factors:

  • **Ground Conditions**

    • - Soil type and stability

    - Drainage patterns

    - Existing landscaping

    - Underground utilities

  • **Weather Exposure**

    • - Sun exposure (materials may heat up)

    - Rain and water runoff

    - Wind exposure

    - Snow/ice (southern states)

  • **Access During Construction**

    • - Alternative entry during installation?

    - Material delivery access

    - Equipment access (concrete trucks, etc.)

  • **Property Boundaries**

    • - Sufficient space within property?

    - Setback requirements

    - Council regulations

    - Neighbor considerations

    ### Design Considerations

    Door Clearance:

  • Landing must not interfere with door swing
  • Outward-opening doors need larger landing (1500mm)
  • Consider automatic door opener
  • Weather protection (awning) beneficial

    • Drainage:

  • Ramp surface must drain
  • Consider cross-fall (1:100) for water runoff
  • Prevent water pooling on landings
  • Gutter or drainage at base

    • Lighting:

  • Essential for safe night use
  • Motion-sensor activation recommended
  • Illuminate full length of ramp
  • Minimum 50 lux at ramp surface
  • No glare or shadows on ramp surface

    • Weather Protection:

  • Awning or cover beneficial (not required)
  • Prevents ice formation
  • Keeps ramp dry and safer
  • Extends ramp lifespan
  • Provides weather protection while accessing door

    • ## Installation Process

    ### Permits and Approvals

    When Permits Required:

  • Generally for permanent structures
  • Varies by local council
  • Height over certain threshold (often 300mm)
  • Attached to house structure
  • Within certain distance of boundary

    • Application Process:

  • Obtain plans from builder/designer
  • Submit to local council
  • Pay permit fee ($200-$500 typical)
  • Wait for approval (2-6 weeks)
  • Display permit during construction
  • Book final inspection when complete

    • Documents Needed:

  • Site plan showing ramp location
  • Ramp design drawings
  • Engineering certificate (if required)
  • Owner consent (if rental)
  • NDIS approval letter (helpful)

    • ### Modular Ramp Installation

    Timeline: 1-3 Days

    Day 1: Site Preparation

  • Mark out ramp location
  • Level ground if needed
  • Install concrete pads for posts (if required)
  • Prepare threshold connection point

    • Day 2: Assembly

  • Install support posts and frame
  • Connect ramp sections
  • Install landing platforms
  • Secure to house structure
  • Level and adjust

    • Day 3: Finishing

  • Install handrails
  • Attach edge protection
  • Install tactile indicators
  • Final adjustments and testing
  • Client handover and demonstration

    • ### Concrete Ramp Installation

    Timeline: 2-3 Weeks

    Week 1: Excavation and Formwork

  • Excavate to required depth
  • Install compacted base
  • Build timber formwork
  • Install steel reinforcement
  • Set up drainage
  • Install handrail posts

    • Week 2: Concrete Pour

  • Pour concrete (single or multiple pours)
  • Finish surface (broom/aggregate)
  • Install tactile indicators
  • Cure for 7-14 days (keep moist)

    • Week 3: Finishing

  • Remove formwork
  • Install handrails
  • Apply sealer (if specified)
  • Landscaping and cleanup
  • Final inspection

    • ## NDIS Funding

    ### Eligibility

    Ramps typically funded as "minor home modification" if:

  • Essential for home access
  • Recommended by occupational therapist
  • Reasonable and necessary
  • Relates to disability

    • ### What NDIS Will Fund

    Included:

  • Ramp supply and installation
  • Handrails and edge protection
  • Tactile indicators
  • Necessary site preparation
  • Professional design and certification
  • Removal (if rental property)
  • Lighting directly related to ramp safety

    • Not Included:

  • Landscaping beyond essential grading
  • Decorative elements
  • Awnings (unless justified for specific need)
  • Excessive betterment
  • General property improvements

    • ### Application Process

  • **OT Assessment:** $400-$800

    • - Home visit and measurement

    - Report with recommendation

    - Justification for NDIS

  • **Obtain Quotes:** Free

    • - Single quote acceptable (under $20k)

    - NDIS-registered providers preferred

    - Detailed scope of works

  • **Submit to NDIS:**

    • - Through myPlace portal

    - Include OT report and quote

    - Photos of current access

  • **Approval:** 7-21 days typically

    • - May request site inspection

    - May request clarification

    - Approval issued with funding amount

  • **Installation:** Per quote timeline

    • - Provider coordinates direct with NDIS

    - Payment typically direct to provider

    - Final invoice and photos to NDIS

    ## Maintenance and Safety

    ### Regular Maintenance

    Monthly Checks:

  • Visual inspection for damage
  • Test handrails are secure
  • Clear any debris or leaves
  • Check drainage is clear
  • Clean surface if slippery

    • Seasonal Maintenance:

    Spring/Summer:

  • Check for sun damage or fading
  • Inspect for rust or corrosion
  • Clean algae growth
  • Check landscaping not obstructing

    • Autumn:

  • Clear leaves promptly (slip hazard)
  • Check drainage before winter
  • Inspect for damage from summer storms

    • Winter:

  • Clear ice or snow immediately
  • Check heating elements (if installed)
  • Monitor for water damage
  • Apply de-icer if needed (non-corrosive)

    • ### Material-Specific Care

    Aluminum Ramps:

  • Wash with mild detergent
  • Check connection points annually
  • Touch up paint if scratched
  • Tighten bolts if loose
  • Minimal maintenance required

    • Concrete Ramps:

  • Seal every 2-3 years
  • Repair cracks promptly
  • Clean with pressure washer annually
  • Check handrail anchors
  • Monitor for settling or movement

    • Timber Ramps:

  • Stain/seal every 2-3 years
  • Check for rot or termite damage
  • Replace damaged boards promptly
  • Tighten bolts annually
  • Check structural posts in ground

    • ### Safety Considerations

    Preventing Slips:

  • Non-slip surface treatment
  • Keep clean and dry
  • Address algae or moss immediately
  • Good drainage essential
  • Adequate lighting

    • Preventing Falls:

  • Secure handrails both sides
  • Edge protection if elevated
  • No protruding objects
  • Tactile warnings at top
  • Clear sight lines

    • Weather Hazards:

  • Ice: heating elements or frequent clearing
  • Rain: effective drainage and surface texture
  • Heat: light-colored surface or shading
  • Wind: handrails and edge protection

    • ## Special Situations

    ### Rental Properties

    Considerations:

  • Landlord written consent required
  • Modular ramps preferred (removable)
  • NDIS may fund removal when moving
  • Document property condition before installation
  • Consider portability in design

    • Negotiating with Landlords:

  • Emphasize removability
  • Offer to restore property
  • Highlight potential value addition
  • Provide professional quotes and plans
  • Consider longer lease in exchange

    • ### Steep Sites

    Challenges:

  • Limited space for gradual gradient
  • Difficult construction access
  • Drainage issues
  • Higher costs

    • Solutions:

  • Switch-back design
  • Multiple shorter ramps with landings
  • Platform lift instead (if very steep)
  • Retaining walls for leveling
  • Professional engineering assessment

    • ### Multiple Entry Points

    Common Scenario:

  • Front door has multiple steps
  • Back door has single step
  • Garage entry possible

    • Decision Factors:

  • Primary usage and convenience
  • Available space at each entry
  • Cost comparison
  • Future needs
  • Guest access vs. personal use
  • NDIS may fund most practical option

    • ### Vehicle Access

    Driveway to Door:

  • Consider pathway as well as ramp
  • Minimum 1200mm wide path
  • Level or maximum 1:14 gradient
  • Firm surface (concrete or pavers)
  • Good drainage
  • Lighting for night access

    • Garage to Living Space:

  • Internal ramp if possible
  • Weather protection benefit
  • May be most practical solution
  • Door width considerations
  • Automatic garage door beneficial

    • ## Alternatives to Ramps

    ### When Ramps Aren't Ideal

  • Insufficient space for compliant gradient
  • Very steep site
  • Historic property (aesthetic concerns)
  • Rental property (landlord refuses)
  • Temporary need
  • Multiple levels to access

    • ### Alternative Solutions

    Platform Lifts (Vertical)

  • Straight vertical rise
  • Compact footprint
  • 1-2 person capacity
  • Indoor or outdoor
  • Cost: $20,000-$35,000
  • NDIS may fund if more suitable

    • Stair Lifts

  • Rides on stair rail
  • Straight or curved configurations
  • Chair or platform style
  • Indoor typically
  • Cost: $8,000-$25,000
  • Limited capacity (one person)

    • Portable Solutions

  • Folding/telescoping ramps for short-term
  • Suitable for small height differences
  • No installation required
  • Lower cost
  • Less convenient

    • Relocating

  • NDIS Specialist Disability Accommodation
  • Purpose-built accessible housing
  • May be more cost-effective long-term
  • NDIS may fund moving costs
  • Consider if extensive modifications needed

    • ## Real-World Examples

    ### Example 1: Simple Entry Ramp

    Situation:

    Single 200mm step at front door

    Solution:

    3m modular aluminum ramp

    Cost:

    $4,200 installed

    Timeline:

    1 day installation

    Outcome:

    Independent access restored, highly satisfied

    ### Example 2: Complex Split-Level

    Situation:

    700mm rise with limited space

    Solution:

    Switch-back concrete ramp with landing

    Cost:

    $16,500 installed

    Timeline:

    3 weeks

    Outcome:

    Permanent solution, architectural feature, added property value

    ### Example 3: Rental Property

    Situation:

    400mm rise, rental home, elderly occupant

    Solution:

    Modular ramp on concrete footings

    Cost:

    $7,800 (including removal allowance)

    Special Notes:

    Removable when tenant relocates

    Outcome:

    Successful aging in place for 5 years, ramp moved to next home

    ## Conclusion

    Wheel chair ramps are often the first and most critical home modification, providing essential access to your home. Key takeaways:

  • **Standards are critical** - AS 1428.1 ensures safety and usability
  • **Choose appropriate type** - Match ramp style to your situation
  • **Professional installation** - Ensures compliance and safety
  • **NDIS funding available** - For eligible participants with OT recommendation
  • **Regular maintenance** - Keeps ramp safe and extends lifespan

    • With proper planning, design, and installation, a ramp provides safe, dignified access to your home for years to come.

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